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IDSAP 2025

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The latest release from the Infectious Diseases Self-Assessment Program (IDSAP) provides evidence-based updates and practical strategies for effectively managing infections and enhancing the application of antimicrobial stewardship principles and practices.

The target audience for the 2025 IDSAP release is board-certified infectious diseases pharmacists who provide care for individuals with or at risk for infectious diseases.

IDSAP 2025 comprises nine learning activities with a total available 23.0 continuing pharmacy education (CPE) credits. Each learning activity may be taken separately for BCIDP recertification credit. Book content was developed under the leadership of Faculty Panel Chair Navaneeth Narayanan, Pharm.D., MPH, BCIDP.

Continuing education activities in IDSAP cover the most recent published data (past 3–5 years) on a specific therapeutic area or patient-care problem. Learning content is provided as an electronic book (interactive PDF) with high-level updates in up to three formats, as appropriate to the topic:

Traditional chapters review the latest published evidence on a therapeutic or practice-related topic
Case series deliver learning content in sections, with each section bookended by a sample case and its explained answer
Recorded webcasts provide learning content as a PowerPoint presentation, accessed as an MP4 file as well as a PDF of slides and transcribed narrative

Every IDSAP release comes in two full-color online formats: (1) interactive PDFs you can save to your desktop or print; and (2) an e-media version you can view on an e-reader, tablet, iOS or Android smart phone.

All IDSAP activities are fully referenced, with clickable hyperlinks to literature compilers such as PubMed. Other links provide ready access to clinical practice guidelines, official recommendations, and patient assessment tools. Graphic features focus on pivotal studies, patient care scenarios, and take-home points that can be readily integrated into clinical practice.

Publisher: ACCP, 200 pages, May 2025; ISBN-13s: 978-1-964074-20-7

Release Date: May 15, 2025
BCIDP Deadline: May 15, 2026

ACPE Deadline: May 15, 2028

Editor(s): Dodds-Ashley L, Gross A
ISBN: 978-1-964074-20-7
Publication Year: 2025
Format: PDF and ePub
Number of Pages: 200

MORE PRODUCTS IN THIS SERIES

Chapter: Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter spp are catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, nonmotile, and nonfermenting gram-negative pathogens commonly found in the environment, with a strong ability to survive on surfaces, making them prominent colonizers in health care settings (Howard 2012; Beavers 2009). Recognized as Acinetobacter since 1971, the genus includes clinically significant species like A baumannii, which, alongside Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and related genomic species, forms the A baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (ABC) (Sarshar 2021). A baumannii, especially in its carbapenem-resistant form (CRAB), poses a major threat because of multidrug resistance, prompting the WHO to classify CRAB as a high-priority health care–associated infection (HAI) pathogen (Jiang 2022; WHO 2014). In the United States, 28% to 45% of HAIs caused by Acinetobacter show carbapenem resistance, and the CDC reported 8500 CRAB cases in hospitalized patients in 2017, with mortality rates of up to 73% in severe infections (CDC 2023, 2022). High carbapenem resistance rates of 36% to 45% in the United States and up to 86% in Asia and Latin America contribute to the global antimicrobial resistance burden of Acinetobacter, potentially resulting in 1.91 million antimicrobial resistance–attributable and 8.22 million antimicrobial resistance–associated deaths by 2050 if left unchecked (Naghavi 2024; Wang 2024; Ma 2021).

Chapter: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a clinically relevant pathogen associated with many different types of infections. Although mainly implicated in nosocomial settings and immunocompromised hosts, P. aeruginosa can also cause infections in relatively healthy patients. Infections caused by P. aeruginosa can range in severity from moderate to severe and potentially life-threatening. Because of its versatile adaptability, complex resistance mechanisms, and propensity to cause severe disease, especially in immunocompromised hosts, P. aeruginosa remains a significant threat to patients and an evasive organism for clinicians to treat.

Chapter: Enterobacterales

The Enterobacterales order of organisms has a broad impact on human health. These gram-negative, non–spore-forming organisms are ubiquitous in the environment and the GI tracts of many animals. Although often associated with common infections, their adaptability has implicated new species within the group as significant opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens. This intra-order diversity was the primary reason for reclassification of the Enterobacteriaceae family in 2016 (Adeolu 2016). Enterobacterales can also readily acquire and spread antibiotic resistance elements, complicating treatment efforts. Despite the introduction of newer antibiotics, resistance continues to evolve, with extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) posing particular challenges.

Chapter: Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Viruses

According to the World Health Organization, viral hepatitis is the second leading infectious cause of death globally and increased between 2019 and 2022 (WHO 2024b). The majority of deaths were caused by hepatitis B, followed by hepatitis C. In the United States, new hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections declined in 2020 and 2021; however, the COVID-19 pandemic likely impacted screening and reporting of HBV (CDC 2023). Rates of new hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections increased, correlating with increases in injection drug use. Global, national, and local efforts exist offering opportunities to eliminate these infections. Hepatitis B is vaccine preventable, and effective treatments can mitigate the complications associated with infection. For HCV infections, there are curative therapies, but access remains a challenge.

Chapter: Community Pharmacy Point-of-Care Test and Treat Programs for Respiratory Tract Infections

Community pharmacists have used Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA)–waived tests for decades. Before the late 2000s, the majority of tests focused on conditions such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia (Taylor 2004; Bubner 2009). In the late 2000s, an interest in pharmacists expanding their role in the government’s pandemic preparedness plan emerged. This involved training pharmacists to use CLIA-waived tests for influenza and provide treatment, with the intentions to decrease pressure on traditional health care systems, travel, time to receipt of medications, and spread of pandemic pathogens and to increase access to care. Shortly after, a pilot program demonstrated that a community pharmacy test-and-treat program was safe and effective in reducing time to first dose of antiviral among individuals with influenza (Klepser 2014b).

Chapter: Herpesviruses in Immunocompromised Patients

Herpesviruses encompass many viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV); varicella zoster virus (VZV); cytomegalovirus (CMV); human herpesvirus (HHV) types 6 and 7 (HHV6, HHV7) and HHV type 8 (Kaposi sarcoma); and Epstein-Barr virus. The focus of this chapter is on HSV and VZV, specifically in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. A short summary of updates in CMV research is provided as well.

Chapter: Application of NHSN Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Data

Antimicrobials are commonly overused, with more than 40% of prescriptions considered inappropriate or unnecessary, contributing to the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (Magill 2021; Ray 2019). According to the most recent CDC data, each year there are almost 3 million antimicrobial resistant infections associated with more than 35,000 deaths in the United States (CDC 2019). Globally, in 2021, about 4.7 million deaths were associated with antimicrobial resistance. By 2050, the estimated number of deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance world-wide is expected to reach 8.2 million (GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators 2024). In the setting of increasing rates of resistance, tracking and reporting antimicrobial use and resistance (AUR) data is of high importance.

Case Series: TJC/CMS Regulatory Updates

Prompt and appropriate initiation of antibiotics to treat infections reduces morbidity and mortality (Evans 2021). However, recent studies estimate that about 50% of antibiotics prescribed in US acute care hospitals are either unnecessary or inappropriate, leading to increased risks of resistance and adverse outcomes (Magill 2021; Fleming-Dutra 2016; Fridkin 2014; Dellit 2007). Antibiotics are associated with significant adverse effects, and affect about 20% of hospitalized patients who receive them (Tamma 2017; Huttner 2013). The misuse of antibiotics also can adversely affect patients who have not been exposed to them through the spread of resistant organisms and C. difficile infections (Brown 2015; Huttner 2013).

Chapter: β-Lactam Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

β-Lactams are one of the most common classes of antibiotics used in practice owing to their established efficacy in a variety of infections and generally wide safety margin. Data on injectable antibiotic prescriptions in the United States spanning from 2004 to 2014 identified the β-lactam class as encompassing 65% of total use (Bush 2016). Traditionally, β-lactam dosing has been guided by fixed dose recommendations in package inserts based on indication and renal function (when applicable) derived from preclinical data in healthy volunteers. This approach assumes that there is no variability in exposure and may lead clinicians to expect similar outcomes through use of the same dosing regimen across different patient populations. Heterogeneity in drug exposure and effects may result from pharmacokinetic (PK) or pharmacodynamic (PD) variability.

*Content Matter Expert

Faculty

Ashlan Joy Kunz Coyne, Pharm.D., MPH
Assistant Professor of Clinical and Translational Science University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice and Science Lexington, Kentucky

Reviewers

Amanda L. Binkley, Pharm.D., BCIDP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Infectious Diseases Penn Presbyterian Medical center

Rupal K. Jaffa, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS
Clinical Staff Pharmacist

Sarah B. Green, Pharm.D., BCIDP, AAHIVP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist - Infectious Diseases Emory University Hospital

Faculty

Dana R. Bowers, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS
Clinical Specialist-Infectious Diseases Kingman Regional Medical Center

Reviewers

Catherine Vu, BCIDP

Kelli A. Kronsberg, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS

Lynn Chan, BCIDP

Faculty

Brandon K. Hawkins, Pharm.D., BCIDP, AAHIVP
Assistant Professor University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy

Reviewers

Heather L. Cox, Pharm.D., BCIDP
Lead Pharmacist, Infectious Diseases University of Virginia Health

Lindsay E. Donohue, Pharm.D., BCIDP
PGY2 Infectious Diseases Pharmacy Resident University of Virginia Health System

Faculty

Paulina Deming, Pharm.D.
Clinical Associate Professor: Pharmacy Practice & Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico

Reviewers

HaYoung Ryu, Pharm.D.
Oregon Health & Science University

Jessica Cottreau, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS
Associate Professor, RFUMS College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, Illinois

Esther O. Fasanmi, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS, AAHIVP
Clinical Pharmacist - Ambulatory (HIV/Hepatitis C) JPS Health Network

Faculty

	Renee Koski, Pharm.D. Professor, Pharmacy Practice Ferris State University College of Pharmacy
	Michael E. Klepser, Pharm.D., FCCP Professor of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Kalamazoo, Michigan

Reviewers

Michael Postelnick, B.S.Pharm, BCPS
Senior Infectious Diseases Pharmacist, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Lake In The Hills, Illinois

Ron W. Welch, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS
Baptist Memorial Hospital

Faculty

Nancy N. Vuong, BCIDP, BCPS, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

Reviewers

Caleb Rux, Pharm.D., BCIDP
Transplant Infectious Diseases Clinical Pharmacist Loyola University Medical Center

Jennifer Sparks, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS
Assistant Clinical Professor Marshall University School of Pharmacy

Dipti Patel, Pharm.D., BCCCP, BCIDP, BCPS
Critical Care Clinical Pharmacist Southern Regional Health System

Faculty

Natasha Pettit, Pharm.D., BCIDP
Clinical Pharmacist, Infectious Diseases University of Chicago Medical Center

Reviewers

Julie Akers, Pharm.D., FWSPA
Executive Associate Dean Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Hunter O. Rondeau, Pharm.D., BCIDP
Regional Antimicrobial Stewardship Coordinator SSM Health

Samira Zantout, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS
Clinical Pharmacist Avera McKennan

Faculty

Arsheena Yassin, Pharm.D., BCIDP
ID Clinical Pharmacist

Reviewers

Dominic Chan, Pharm.D., BCIDP, BCPS
Legacy Health

Kari A. McCracken, Pharm.D., MBA, BCIDP, BCPS
Clinical Pharmacy Manager St. John Medical Center

Jessica Leri, Pharm.D., BCIDP
Lead Clinical Pharmacist ChristianaCare

Faculty

	Barbara Santevecchi, Pharm.D., BCIDP Clinical Assistant Professor of Infectious Disease University of Florida College of Pharmacy
	Veena Venugopalan, Pharm.D., FCCP, BCIDP Clinical Associate Professor University of Florida

Reviewers

Nathaniel J. Rhodes, Pharm.D., MSC, BCPS, AQ-ID
Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice Midwestern University

YEHIA MAHMOUD EL KHAWLY, Pharm.D., BCIDP
CLINICAL PHARMACIST Hamad Medical Corporation -Al Wakra Hospital

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education with Commendation.

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists are approved by BPS as a provider for the recertification of BCIDP.

BPS is an autonomous division of the American Pharmacists Association. To maintain its strict, independent standards for certification, BPS does NOT endorse or provide review information, preparatory courses, or study guides for board certification examinations. BPS, through its specialty councils, is responsible for specialty examination content, administration, scoring, and all other aspects of its certification programs. BPS is totally separate and distinct from ACCP. For information about BPS specialty recertification the BPS recertification process, go to: www.bpsweb.org/

To receive recertification credit, posttests must be submitted prior to the recertification posttest deadline (see above). Only completed tests are eligible for credit; no partial or incomplete tests will be processed. You may complete one or all available posttests for credit.

The passing point to earn recertification credit is based on an expert analysis of the assessment items in each posttest. Any posttest submitted before the recertification test deadline that meets this passing point will earn recertification credits. These credits will be assigned as of the date of test submission and reported within 48 hours to BPS. For statements of recertification credit, visit www.bpsweb.org.

In accordance with BPS guidelines concerning remediation for products launched in 2024 and after, posttests that do not reach the passing point for recertification credit will generate a second-chance test option. This test will automatically appear in the learner’s My Account page and will have assessment items presented in a different order. To qualify for recertification credit, the second-chance test must be submitted before the recertification deadline stated above.

The ACCP Recertification Dashboard is a free online tool that can track recertification credits as they are earned through ACCP and schedule new opportunities for credits from upcoming ACCP professional development programs. Questions regarding the number of hours required for recertification should be directed to BPS at www.bpsweb.org.

Target Audience: BCIDP

Chapter: Acinetobacter baumannii Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-078-H01-P Contact Hour(s): Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Classify the global epidemiology of Acinetobacter, highlighting its resistance patterns, regional variations in susceptibility rates, and the evolution and dissemination of clonal lineages. 2. Assess the biological and ecological features of Acinetobacter, its increasing virulence, and the challenges it poses in clinical settings because of drug resistance and its role in nosocomial infections. 3. Analyze the various exogenous and endogenous resistance mechanisms employed by Acinetobacter isolates and their impact on therapeutic efficacy. 4. Evaluate current and emerging antimicrobial therapies for Acinetobacter infections.
Chapter: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-079-H01-P Contact Hour(s): 2.50 Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Classify the microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of resistance of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2. Distinguish differences in patient characteristics or risk factors that increase the likelihood for an infection caused by P. aeruginosa including multidrug resistant strains. 3. Design a therapeutic regimen for a patient with suspected or confirmed P. aeruginosa infection. 4. Justify the pharmacist’s role with antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship in the management of patients with P. aeruginosa infections.
Chapter: Enterobacterales Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-080-H01-P Contact Hour(s): 2.00 Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Distinguish the changing epidemiology and taxonomic updates associated with Enterobacterales. 2. Assess likely mechanisms of resistance in Enterobacterales given a susceptibility report. 3. Interpret and apply updated susceptibility test interpretative criteria (ie, breakpoints) and reporting strategies on the basis of genotypic and phenotypic results. 4. Evaluate the clinical relevance and spectrum of activity for recently approved and late-stage pipeline agents. 5. Devise an appropriate treatment regimen for an Enterobacterales infection considering relevant phenotypes, genetic information, clinical factors, and best practice recommendations.
Chapter: Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Viruses Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-081-H01-P Contact Hour(s): 2.00 Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Evaluate a patient for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection using serology and laboratory findings. 2. Distinguish among therapeutic options for various patient populations with HBV infection. 3. Evaluate a patient’s risk of HBV infection and need for vaccination or revaccination. 4. Evaluate a patient for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection before, during, and after HCV therapy. 5. Distinguish the use of the specific therapies in various patient populations with HCV infection.
Chapter: Community Pharmacy Point-of-Care Test and Treat Programs for Respiratory Tract Infections Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-082-H01-P Contact Hour(s): 1.50 Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Distinguish differences between CLIA-waived and other POCTs. 2. Using clinical guidelines, evaluate patients for potential community pharmacy POCT and treatment of respiratory tract infections. 3. Compose a plan for implementing a POCT and treat program in a community pharmacy. 4. Apply the appropriate statistical method for the best diagnostic accuracy of respiratory pathogen CLIA-waived POCTs. 5. Determine effectiveness of community pharmacy POCT and treat programs based on published studies. 6. Develop a plan for addressing barriers to implementation of community pharmacy POCT and treat programs.
Chapter: Herpesviruses in Immunocompromised Patients Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-083-H01-P Contact Hour(s): 3.00 Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Evaluate epidemiologic and patient risk factors associated with herpesvirus infections. 2. Develop prophylactic therapy plans against herpesviruses for the immunocompromised host (hematopoietic stem cell transplant and solid organ transplant). 3. Design therapeutic treatment plans for patients with herpes simplex viruses, varicella zoster virus/herpes zoster, and cytomegalovirus. 4. Develop a plan to detect and manage drug-resistant herpesvirus infections.
Chapter: Application of NHSN Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Data Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-084-H01-P Contact Hour(s): 2.50 Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Demonstrate knowledge of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) reporting requirements for antimicrobial use and resistance (AUR). 2. Develop an institutional or health-system specific plan for submitting AUR data to NHSN 3. Construct reports for AUR data to include the required data elements. 4. Perform an analysis of AUR data using available data analysis and reporting tools available through NHSN. 5. Apply NHSN data to identify potential antimicrobial stewardship targets and assess the impact of stewardship intervention.
Case Series: TJC/CMS Regulatory Updates Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-085-H01-P Contact Hour(s): 3.00 Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Account for the history and importance of antimicrobial stewardship. 2. Distinguish updates to the CDC and CMMS antimicrobial stewardship elements and how they relate to accreditation bodies, including the Joint Commission 3. Evaluate appropriate resources; relevant accreditation, legal, regulatory and safety requirements; and quality metrics as they relate to antimicrobial stewardship. 4. Assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship strategies. 5. Assess institutional readiness for upcoming accreditation survey.
Chapter: β-Lactam Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Activity Number: 0217-9999-25-086-H01-P Contact Hour(s): 3.50 Activity Type: Application BasedLearning Objectives 1. Apply fundamental pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of β-lactams in disease management. 2. Distinguish patient populations at risk for alterations in β-lactam pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics that may benefit from β-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for dose optimization. 3. Apply current evidence regarding the impact of β-lactam TDM on patient outcomes, including clinical outcomes such as mortality and microbiologic outcomes. 4. Evaluate a patient’s β-lactam dosing regimen and provide recommendations for dose adjustment using appropriately obtained concentrations. 5. Justify the pharmacist’s role in implementation of a successful β-lactam TDM program.

Disclosures

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy does not solicit or accept external commercial/financial support for its continuing pharmacy education activities. No commercial/financial support has been solicited or accepted for this activity.

Sample_Chapter.pdf

IDSAP 2025