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PedSAP 2026


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$88.00
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The latest release in ACCP’s popular Pediatric Self-Assessment Program (PedSAP) features comprehensive reviews, timely updates, and case series on various topics including cystic fibrosis, growth hormone deficiency, and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as relevant updates in common conditions that affect pediatric patients such as seizure disorder, skin and soft tissue infections, and anemia. Additional features of PedSAP 2026 include pediatric palliative and hospice care, pediatric hypertension, and emergencies in pregnancy. The target audience for PedSAP 2026 is board-certified and advanced-level pediatric clinical pharmacists who provide care for pediatric patients in the inpatient and ambulatory care setting with complex care needs.

Awad
Awad

The book contains 9 learning elements offering a total of 20.5 available continuing pharmacy education (CPE) and/or BCPPS recertification credits. Each learning activity may be taken individually for CPE credit. The book content was developed under the leadership of Faculty Panel Chair Nadia I. Awad, Pharm.D., MS, FAACT, BCPS, BCPPS, Emergency Medicine and Pediatric Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Continuing education activities in PedSAP cover the most recent published data (past 3–5 years) on a specific therapeutic area or patient-care problem. Learning content is provided as an electronic book (interactive PDF) with high-level updates in up to three formats, as appropriate to the topic:

  • Traditional chapters review the latest published evidence on a therapeutic or practice-related topic
  • Case series deliver learning content in sections, with each section bookended by a sample case and its explained answer
  • Recorded webcasts provide learning content as a PowerPoint presentation, accessed as an MP4 file as well as a PDF of slides and transcribed narrative

Every PedSAP release comes in two full-color online formats: (1) interactive PDFs you can save to your desktop or print; and (2) an e-media version you can view on an e-reader, tablet, iOS or Android smart phone.

All PedSAP learning elements are fully referenced, with clickable hyperlinks to literature compilers such as PubMed. Other links provide ready access to clinical practice guidelines, official recommendations, and patient assessment tools. Graphic features focus on pivotal studies, patient care scenarios, and take-home points that can be readily integrated into clinical practice.

Release Date: July 15, 2026
BCPPS Deadline: July 15, 2027
ACPE Deadline: July 15, 2029

Editor(s): Lee BR, Ohler KH
ISBN: 978-1-964074-39-9
Publication Year: 2026
Format: PDF and ePub

Contents

Chapter: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

This chapter highlights that pediatric SSTIs remain highly prevalent, with evolving epidemiology showing declining MRSA rates but persistent dominance of S. aureus and S. pyogenes. Recent findings support shorter (5–7 day) therapies, expanded pediatric use of agents like dalbavancin and tedizolid, and stewardship tools such as MRSA nasal PCR to guide de-escalation. Key clinical challenges include lack of a diagnostic gold standard, reliance on clinical assessment, rising antimicrobial resistance (notably clindamycin), antibiotic allergy mislabeling, and limited pediatric data for newer drugs—complicating optimal, individualized therapy and implementation of stewardship in routine practice.

Chapter: Novel Antiseizure Medications

This chapter reviews advances in antiseizure medications (ASMs), emphasizing novel agents (e.g., cenobamate, fenfluramine, ganaxolone) and emerging precision medicine approaches, including gene and RNA-targeted therapies. Recent findings show improved seizure control and potential disease-modifying effects, particularly in genetic epilepsies, alongside expanded outpatient rescue options. However, major clinical challenges include limited pediatric data, complex pharmacokinetic interactions in polypharmacy, significant adverse effects, high costs, and access barriers. Additionally, translating precision therapies into practice is hindered by safety concerns, monitoring demands, and evolving evidence for long-term efficacy.

Chapter: Pediatric Hypertension

This chapter reviews pediatric hypertension as an evolving but often underdiagnosed condition, increasingly linked to chronic diseases such as obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent findings emphasize improved screening, rising obesity-driven prevalence, and emerging therapies (e.g., sacubitril‑valsartan, clevidipine). Management prioritizes lifestyle changes and individualized pharmacotherapy (ACEis, ARBs, thiazides, CCBs). Key clinical challenges include reliance on age‑specific BP percentiles, measurement variability, lack of robust pediatric trial data, and frequent extrapolation from adult studies, complicating accurate diagnosis, treatment selection, and long-term outcome assessment.

Chapter: Anemia of the Pediatric Patient

This chapter reviews pediatric anemia as a common, multifactorial condition, most often due to iron deficiency but also linked to chronic disease, genetics, and environmental factors. Recent findings highlight evolving guidelines (e.g., KDIGO 2026), expanded use of intravenous iron, restrictive transfusion thresholds, and emerging therapies such as HIF‑PH inhibitors. However, clinical practice is challenged by outdated screening recommendations, limited pediatric data for newer treatments, adherence and tolerability issues with iron therapy, variability in diagnostic interpretation, and cost and supply constraints—complicating individualized, evidence-based management.

Chapter: Growth Hormone Therapy

This chapter reviews growth hormone (GH) therapy for pediatric growth disorders, emphasizing evolving formulations and complex diagnostic strategies for growth hormone deficiency. Recent advances include long‑acting GH formulations that improve adherence and show comparable efficacy to daily therapy, along with expanding FDA indications. However, clinical application is challenged by controversial and variable diagnostic testing, limited long-term safety data (especially for newer agents), high costs and access barriers, adherence issues from injection burden, and uncertainty in optimizing monitoring and individualized dosing.

Chapter: Inflammatory Bowel Disease

This chapter reviews pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), highlighting evolving understanding of genetic and immune mechanisms and rising incidence, especially very early-onset disease. Recent advances include expanded biologic options (e.g., anti‑TNF, IL‑23 inhibitors) and small‑molecule therapies, with a shift toward early aggressive (“top‑down”) treatment and therapeutic drug monitoring. However, clinical application is challenged by limited pediatric approvals, reliance on off‑label therapies, heterogeneous disease, uncertain optimal sequencing, safety concerns with immunosuppression, and barriers such as cost, access, and need for multidisciplinary, individualized care.

Case Series: Pediatric Palliative and Hospice Care

This chapter reviews pediatric palliative and hospice care, emphasizing early integration, concurrent care (allowing curative and comfort therapies together), and individualized, multidisciplinary management. Recent advances include structured frameworks for medication coverage, deprescribing, and symptom-specific, mechanism-based treatment (e.g., targeted antiemetics, opioid strategies, and expanded outpatient/telehealth care). Key challenges include prognostic uncertainty, lack of standardized pediatric guidelines and validated assessment tools, limited age-appropriate formulations and drug data, medication access barriers, and complex shared decision-making with families—making consistent, evidence-based implementation difficult in routine practice.

Case Series: Updates in Cystic Fibrosis

This chapter reviews major advances in cystic fibrosis care driven by CFTR modulator therapies, particularly highly effective triple combinations that significantly improve lung function, reduce exacerbations, and expand eligibility to most patients. Emerging clinical outcomes include benefits beyond pulmonary disease (e.g., pancreatic recovery, shifts in microbiology, and improved nutrition) and evolving management strategies such as reduced inhaled therapy burden and shorter antibiotic courses. Key challenges include heterogeneous patient response, safety concerns (hepatotoxicity, mental health effects, drug interactions), limited data in pregnancy and infants, uncertainty in de-escalating legacy therapies, and lack of long-term evidence to guide individualized, real-world clinical decision-making.

Case Series: Pregnancy Emergencies

This chapter reviews management of obstetric emergencies, highlighting rising U.S. maternal morbidity and mortality and persistent disparities. Key advances include evidence‑based protocols for postpartum hemorrhage (early oxytocin, selective tranexamic acid), structured medication safety strategies (standardized dosing, smart pumps), and evolving multidisciplinary emergency response systems. Major clinical challenges include limited high-quality pregnancy-specific data (necessitating extrapolation), complex maternal–fetal risk–benefit decisions, high medication error risk with “high-alert” drugs, diagnostic uncertainty, and regulatory/legal constraints—complicating timely, individualized, and consistent implementation in practice.

Chapter: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Faculty

Brittany Rodriguez, Pharm.D., BCIDP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist – Antimicrobial Stewardship/Infectious Diseases
Department of Pharmacy
Texas Children’s Hospital
Houston, Texas

Reviewers

Laura Bio, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCIDP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Pediatric Infectious Diseases/Antimicrobial Stewardship
Department of Pharmacy
Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford
Palo Alto, California
Noura M. Alajmi, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCPPS, BCNSP
Neonatal and Pediatric Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services
Women’s Health Hospital – Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Elizabeth A. Boucher, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
Concord Hospital
Concord, New Hampshire

Chapter: Novel Antiseizure Medications

Faculty

Renad Abu-Sawwa, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Associate Professor
Rush Medical College
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois

Reviewers

Lisa Garrity, Pharm.D., SM, BCPS
Pharmacy Clinical Specialist, Neurology
Division of Pharmacy
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Karen Kovey, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Advanced Clinical Pharmacist – Pediatrics
Department of Pharmacy
Mission Children’s Hospital
Asheville, North Carolina
Courtney Kain, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Pediatric Epilepsy Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital
Cleveland, Ohio

Chapter: Pediatric Hypertension

Faculty

Joshua W. Branstetter, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia

Reviewers

Megan Greene, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Pediatric Ambulatory Cardiology Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
Children’s Hospital Colorado
Aurora, Colorado
Isabel Porto, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Pediatric Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy Practice
University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System
Chicago, Illinois

Chapter: Anemia of the Pediatric Patient

Faculty

Liza M. De Guzman, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
RWJBarnabas Health
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Katherine George, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
New Brunswick, New Jersey

Reviewers

Mara Faye Crabtree, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacist – Hem/Onc/BMT
Department of Pharmacy
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
Breana K. Goscicki, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Pharmacist, IT – EHR Transformation
Corporate IT
UPMC
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Chapter: Growth Hormone Therapy

Faculty

Talia Papiro, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Pediatric Endocrinology
Department of Pharmacy
Yale New Haven Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut

Reviewers

Kristen Baron, Pharm.D., BCACP
Ambulatory Clinical Pharmacist – Pediatric Endocrinology
Department of Pharmacy
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
Ali Hassan Najmi, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Consultant Clinical Pharmacist – Pediatric
Department of Pharmaceutical Care Administration
Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region
Khamis Mushit-Asser-Saudi Arabia
Brian K. Brown, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCPPS
Pediatric and Women’s and Infants Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
Tampa General Hospital
Tampa, Florida

Chapter: Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Faculty

Astrela Moore, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist – Gastroenterology, General Pediatrics, Complex Care, and Rheumatology
Department of Pharmacy Services
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Reviewers

Courtney J. Long, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Specialist Pharmacist – Gastroenterology
Department of Pharmacy Services
Children’s Medical Center Dallas
Dallas, Texas
Dominique Mark, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCPPS
Pediatric Clinical Pharmacist
Residency Program Director, PGY1 Pharmacy and PGY2 Pediatrics
Department of Pharmacy
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Seattle, Washington

Case Series: Pediatric Palliative and Hospice Care

Faculty

Melissa Hunt, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Care Pharmacist
Hands of Hope, a Pediatric Program
Agapecare
O’Fallon, Missouri
Jennifer L. Placencia, Pharm.D., MS, BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist – Pain, Palliative Care, Opioid Stewardship
Department of Pharmacy
Texas Children’s Hospital
Instructor
Department of Pediatrics
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas

Reviewers

Benjamin S. Kematick, Pharm.D., BCACP, BCPMP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist – Palliative Care
Department of Supportive Oncology
Department of Pharmacy
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Boston, Massachusetts
Patrick McBride, Pharm.D., BCOP
Pediatric Oncology Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Boston, Massachusetts
Vinita B. Pai, Pharm.D., MS, BCPPS
Associate Professor – Clinical
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science
The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy
Columbus, Ohio

Case Series: Updates in Cystic Fibrosis

Faculty

Cameron J. McKinzie, Pharm.D., BCPPS, BCPS, CPP
Clinical Pharmacist Practitioner, Pediatric Pulmonology
Department of Pharmacy
University of North Carolina Medical Center
Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Reviewers

Rebecca S. Pettit, Pharm.D., MBA, FCCP, BCPS, BCPPS
Pediatric Pulmonary Ambulatory Clinical Specialist & Pediatric PGY2 Residency Program Director
Department of Pharmacy
Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
Indianapolis, Indiana
Meghan Baldo, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist – Neonatal Intensive Care
Department of Pharmacy
Catholic Health – Sisters of Charity Hospital
Buffalo, New York

Case Series: Pregnancy Emergencies

Faculty

Stephen M. Small, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCPPS, BCCCP, CNSC
Pediatric Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmaceutical Care
University of Iowa Health Care
Iowa City, Iowa
Assistant Editor
TRC Healthcare
Roseville, California

Reviewers

Katelin Kimler, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Jefferson Health
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Emma Matherne, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Pediatric Pharmacy Program Coordinator – Virtual Pharmacy Services
Department of Pharmacy – Southeast
Atrium Health
Charlotte, North Carolina

CPE Credit

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education with Commendation.

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists are approved by BPS as a provider for the recertification of BCPPS.

BPS is an autonomous division of the American Pharmacists Association. To maintain its strict, independent standards for certification, BPS does NOT endorse or provide review information, preparatory courses, or study guides for board certification examinations. BPS, through its specialty councils, is responsible for specialty examination content, administration, scoring, and all other aspects of its certification programs. BPS is totally separate and distinct from ACCP. For information about BPS specialty recertification the BPS recertification process, go to: www.bpsweb.org/

To receive recertification credit, posttests must be submitted prior to the recertification posttest deadline (see above). Only completed tests are eligible for credit; no partial or incomplete tests will be processed. You may complete one or all available posttests for credit.

The passing point to earn recertification credit is based on an expert analysis of the assessment items in each posttest. Any posttest submitted before the recertification test deadline that meets this passing point will earn recertification credits. These credits will be assigned as of the date of test submission and reported within 48 hours to BPS. For statements of recertification credit, visit www.bpsweb.org.

In accordance with BPS guidelines concerning remediation for products launched in 2024 and after, posttests that do not reach the passing point for recertification credit will generate a second-chance test option. This test will automatically appear in the learner’s My Account page and will have assessment items presented in a different order. To qualify for recertification credit, the second-chance test must be submitted before the recertification deadline stated above.

The ACCP Recertification Dashboard is a free online tool that can track recertification credits as they are earned through ACCP and schedule new opportunities for credits from upcoming ACCP professional development programs. Questions regarding the number of hours required for recertification should be directed to BPS at www.bpsweb.org.

Target Audience: The target audience for PedSAP 2026 is board-certified and advanced-level pediatric clinical pharmacists who provide care for pediatric patients in the inpatient and ambulatory care setting with complex care needs.

Contents

Chapter: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-173-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.00
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the pathophysiology of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and the complications associated with SSTIs in pediatric patients.
2. Assess the bacterial etiologies and risk factors associated with SSTIs in pediatric patients.
3. Assess common pediatric bacterial SSTIs based on clinical presentation.
4. Evaluate diagnostic strategies for SSTIs in children, including indications for obtaining cultures and imaging.
5. Develop evidence-based pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment plans, emphasizing empiric antibiotic selection, dosing, route of administration, and duration for various bacterial SSTIs.
6. Design pediatric patient􀂱specific treatment plans based on patient-specific factors that influence antibiotic regimen selection (eg, age, antibiotic allergy history, pathogen identified) for SSTIs.
7. Evaluate the recent updates and expanded indications used in pediatric SSTIs.

Chapter: Novel Antiseizure Medications

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-174-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Apply the principles of rational polypharmacy including, but not limited to, its associated challenges when developing treatment regimens for pediatric patients with epilepsy.
2. Evaluate the role of novel therapeutic and abortive antiseizure medications (ASMs) in the treatment regimens of pediatric patients with epilepsy.
3. Distinguish between the basic principles of precision medicine (PM) and emerging molecular and gene therapies for pediatric patients with epilepsy.

Chapter: Pediatric Hypertension

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-175-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 3.00
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Distinguish incidence and common etiology of hypertension (HTN) in the pediatric population.
2. Analyze and apply appropriate lifestyle and nonpharmacologic interventions for pediatric HTN.
3. Analyze and apply appropriate pharmacologic treatment options for pediatric HTN unresponsive to lifestyle modifications and nonpharmacologic interventions.
4. Demonstrate appropriate antihypertensive treatment optimization and associated blood pressure management follow-up.
5. Analyze and apply appropriate pharmacologic treatment options for children with acute severe HTN.
6. Evaluate appropriate pharmacologic antihypertensive therapies in special pediatric populations.

Chapter: Anemia of the Pediatric Patient

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-176-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 3.00
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the prevalence and classification of anemia in the pediatric patient.
2. Distinguish when to initiate health screenings for anemia in pediatric patients based on risk factors.
3. Develop a strategy for the prevention of anemia in the community.
4. Analyze and design a therapeutic plan for patients with anemia and anemia related to chronic conditions.
5. Evaluate therapeutic options for patients with acute anemia.

Chapter: Growth Hormone Therapy

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-177-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 1.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Evaluate controversies in growth hormone stimulation testing.
2. Design an appropriate treatment regimen and monitoring plan for a pediatric patient with growth hormone deficiency.
3. Distinguish the role and place in therapy of long-acting growth hormone therapy.
4. Analyze available data on long-term safety risks of growth hormone usage.
5. Devise an appropriate treatment regimen and monitoring plan for a patient transitioning from pediatric to adult care.

Chapter: Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-178-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 3.00
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Distinguish differences between early and older-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
2. Evaluate evidence surrounding conventional therapies for children with IBD.
3. Analyze available data on biologics and small-molecule inhibitors for pediatric IBD.
4. Design a monitoring and treatment plan for a child with IBD based on patient-specific factors and risk-benefit assessment.
5. Devise supportive care medication strategies to mitigate IBD-sequelae and treatment-related adverse effects.

Case Series: Pediatric Palliative and Hospice Care

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-179-H08-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.00
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Develop an appropriate care plan for a patient with a life-limiting condition.
2. Evaluate care plan to align with patient-specific goals of care.
3. Design an appropriate symptom management plan for a pediatric palliative care patient.
4. Assess medication appropriateness as patients approach end of life.

Case Series: Updates in Cystic Fibrosis

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-180-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 1.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Analyze available cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) modulator therapies, including associated benefits, adverse effects, and impacts on overall disease management.
2. Evaluate the impacts of CFTR modulator therapies on other aspects of disease management.
3. Design an appropriate therapeutic plan for treatment of a pediatric patient with a CF exacerbation.

Case Series: Pregnancy Emergencies

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-181-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.00
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Apply strategies for mitigating potential medication safety issues when treating pregnancy emergencies.
2. Evaluate the appropriateness of a medication regimen for an obstetric emergency on the basis of current evidence and recommendations.
3. Design an effective therapeutic plan for a pregnant or postpartum patient with an obstetric emergency.
4. Assess the risk of neonatal effects from pharmacotherapy used during pregnancy emergencies.


Commercial Support

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy does not solicit or accept external commercial/financial support for its continuing pharmacy education activities. No commercial/financial support has been solicited or accepted for this activity.