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SOTSAP 2026


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Member Price:
$88.00
Nonmember Price:
$132.00
ASHP members, please call (913)492-3311 to receive multi-book discounts at the member rate. Your ASHP membership number and expiration date are required.

ACCP’s Self-Assessment Programs are home study series that provide clinical pharmacists with pertinent therapeutic updates to enhance their practice skills and improve patient outcomes.

The latest release in ACCP’s popular Solid Organ Transplantation Self-Assessment Program (SOTSAP) features comprehensive reviews, timely evidence-based updates, and case series on various topics relating to desensitization, immunomodulation, infectious disease, donor care, pediatric transplant, and reproduction health. The target audience for SOTSAP 2026 is board-certified and advanced-level clinical pharmacists caring for adult and pediatric solid organ transplant candidates, donors, and recipients. 

Faculty Panel Chair Reed Hall, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP
Hall

The book contains 9 learning activities offering a total of 21.5 available continuing pharmacy education (CPE) and/or BCTXP recertification credits. Each learning activity may be taken individually for CPE credit. Content was developed under the leadership of Faculty Panel Chair Reed Hall, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP, Lead Solid Organ Transplant Clinical Specialist, University Health, University Health Transplant Institute, San Antonio, Texas, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas.

Continuing education activities in SOTSAP cover the most recent published data (past 3–5 years) on a specific therapeutic area or patient-care problem. Learning content is provided as an electronic book (interactive PDF) with high-level updates in up to three formats, as appropriate to the topic:

  • Traditional review-style chapters
  • Case series (major sections of learning content bookended by a sample case and its explained answer)
  • Recorded webcast (PowerPoint presentation; includes PDF of the transcribed narrative)

Every SOTSAP release comes in two full-color online formats: (1) interactive PDFs you can save to your desktop or print; and (2) an e-media version you can view on an e-reader, tablet, iOS or Android smart phone.

All SOTSAP learning elements are fully referenced, with clickable hyperlinks to literature compilers such as PubMed. Other links provide ready access to clinical practice guidelines, official recommendations, and patient assessment tools. Graphic features focus on pivotal studies, patient care scenarios, and take-home points that can be readily integrated into clinical practice.

Release Date: November 16, 2026
BCTXP Deadline: November 16, 2027
ACPE Deadline: November 16, 2029

Editor(s): Campara M, McDermott JK
Publication Year: 2026
Format: PDF and ePub

Contents

Chapter: Updates in Desensitization (ABOi)

This chapter reviews advances in ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplantation, highlighting how modern desensitization strategies have transformed ABOi transplantation into viable options amid ongoing organ shortages. This chapter also reviews recent findings, using established regimens, improved testing, expanding donor pools, and emerging therapies. It also covers key clinical challenges including balancing effective desensitization against infectious and metabolic complications, managing antibody-mediated rejection risk, and evaluating limited evidence for therapies.

Chapter: Updates in Desensitization (HLA)

This chapter reviews emerging strategies for HLA desensitization in highly sensitized transplant candidates. Topics covered include novel and recent advances in medication therapy, cellular therapies, their effect on HLA antibodies, and access to transplantation. It also covers clinical implementation of desensitization strategies and challenges.

Chapter: Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy and Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction

This chapter reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of cardiac allograft vasculopathy and chronic lung allograft dysfunction, the leading causes of late graft failure after heart and lung transplantation. Recent findings regarding therapies and monitoring strategies are reviewed, as are major clinical challenges.

Chapter: Respiratory Viral Infections

This chapter reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients, with emphasis on influenza, RSV, COVID-19, parainfluenza, and human metapneumovirus. Recent advances in prevention strategies, evolving antiviral approaches, and increased use of molecular diagnostics are also covered. Readers should expect to learn about new data and strategies outlining therapeutic challenges including, transplant-specific evidence, prolong viral shedding, immunomodulation during infection, and drug interactions.

Chapter: Expanding the Donor Pool

This chapter reviews strategies to expand the transplant donor pool including the use of HCV-, HBV-, and HIV-positive donor organs. Recent advances include highly effective direct-acting antivirals enabling successful transplantation of HCV-viremic organs into uninfected recipients, broader use of HBV-positive donors with vaccination and antiviral prophylaxis, and expansion of HIV-to-HIV transplantation under the HOPE Act. Key clinical challenges include optimizing antiviral timing, managing complex drug interactions with immunosuppressants, ensuring access to expensive therapies, maintaining long-term viral surveillance, and navigating evolving regulatory, ethical, and informed-consent considerations.

Chapter: Donor and Recipient Pain Management

This chapter reviews pain management in living organ donors and transplant recipients, emphasizing the negative impact of opioid exposure on graft survival, mortality, health care use, and long-term outcomes. Recent findings support opioid-sparing multimodal strategies and the use of emerging nonopioid agents. Key challenges include managing patients with opioid use disorder, balancing effective analgesia with graft safety, limited transplant-specific evidence, and implementing standardized opioid stewardship programs across transplant centers.

Chapter: Technology for Care Delivery and Patient Education

This chapter reviews the expanding role of technology in transplant care, highlighting telepharmacy, electronic health record optimization, clinical decision support, remote monitoring, mobile health applications, digital education platforms, and emerging artificial intelligence tools. Recent findings show that telehealth, adherence-tracking apps, dashboards, and AI-assisted clinical decision support can improve medication management, patient engagement, and adherence. Key challenges addressed include digital literacy gaps, unequal access to technology, privacy and HIPAA compliance concerns, alert fatigue, provider resistance, and the need to validate new technologies while preserving pharmacist oversight and patient-centered care.

Case Series: Pediatric Transplant and Infection

This case series reviews infectious disease management in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, emphasizing evolving immunization strategies, CMV prevention and treatment, RSV prophylaxis, and BK polyomavirus management. Recent advances include the use of newer pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines, RSV monoclonal antibodies, evidence regarding selected posttransplant live vaccination, and newer CMV agents such as letermovir and maribavir. Key clinical challenges include balancing immunization with immunosuppression, managing complex antiviral drug interactions and toxicities, preventing CMV resistance, and reducing immunosuppression for BK virus while minimizing rejection risk.

Case Series: Pregnancy and Reproductive Health

This case series reviews reproductive health in solid organ transplant recipients, emphasizing fertility restoration after transplantation, contraception, pregnancy planning, immunosuppression management, and breastfeeding. Recent findings support broader use of intrauterine devices as safe and highly effective contraception, reassuring outcomes with planned pregnancies, and increasing evidence supporting breastfeeding while receiving tacrolimus-, azathioprine-, and prednisone-based immunosuppression. Key clinical challenges include preventing unplanned pregnancies, managing mycophenolate teratogenicity, optimizing immunosuppression before and during pregnancy, distinguishing rejection from pregnancy-related complications, and balancing maternal, graft, and fetal safety through multidisciplinary care.

Chapter: Updates in Desensitization (ABOi)

Faculty

Jamie J. Benken, Pharm.D., FCCP, BCTXP
Clinical Assistant Professor
Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Surgery
University of Illinois Chicago Retzky College of Pharmacy
Clinical Pharmacist
University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System
Chicago, Illinois

Reviewers

Ashley Vo, Pharm.D., FAST
Director, Transplant Immunotherapy Program
Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, California
Adina Poparad-Stezar, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Solid Organ Transplant Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Inpatient Pharmacy
Henry Ford Health
Detroit, Michigan
Kelsea Zukauckas, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP
Solid Organ Transplant Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
University of Utah Health
Salt Lake City, Utah

Chapter: Updates in Desensitization (HLA)

Faculty

Brandon Trollinger, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Kidney/Pancreas Transplantation
Department of Pharmacy
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland

Reviewers

Ashley Vo, Pharm.D., FAST
Director, Transplant Immunotherapy Program
Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, California
Kimberly Harrison, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacist
Optum Health
Eden Prairie, Minnesota
Sabrina Lee, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP
Kidney Transplant Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmaceutical Services
UCLA Ronald Regan Medical Center
Los Angeles, California

Chapter: Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy and Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction

Faculty

Jon Rek, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
Baylor Scott & White – Temple
Temple, Texas
Elisabeth Kincaide, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist III, Solid Organ Transplant
Department of Pharmacotherapy & Pharmacy Services
University Health
San Antonio, Texas

Reviewers

Emily Sartain, Pharm.D., FAST, BCPS, BCTXP
Outpatient Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Solid Organ Transplant
Department of Pharmacy
UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital
Aurora, Colorado
Olivia Huber, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Heart Transplant Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy, Advanced Heart Failure/Transplant Cardiology
University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics
Madison, Wisconsin
Adam B. Cochrane, Pharm.D., MPH, BCTXP, ISHLTF
Organ Transplant Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Inova Fairfax Hospital
Falls Church, Virginia

Chapter: Respiratory Viral Infections

Faculty

Sarah M. Mervis, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacist Specialist, Solid Organ Transplant
Department of Pharmacy
University of Colorado Health
Aurora, Colorado

Reviewers

Kellie J. Goodlet, Pharm.D., FCCP, FIDSA, BCIDP, BCPS, BCTXP
Associate Professor
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Midwestern University
Glendale, Arizona
Marissa M. Brokhof, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Solid Organ Transplantation
Residency Program Director, PGY2 Solid Organ Transplant
Department of Pharmacy
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois

Chapter: Expanding the Donor Pool

Faculty

Lynley Heinrich, Pharm.D., BCTXP
PGY2 Solid Organ Transplant Residency Program Director
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacy Practice
University of Illinois Retzky College of Pharmacy
Clinical Pharmacist, Solid Organ Transplant
UI Health
Chicago, Illinois

Reviewers

Jennifer A. Ferrante, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Solid Organ Transplant Clinical Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy, Solid Organ Transplant
OhioHealth, Riverside Methodist Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
Jennifer Byrns, Pharm.D., FAST, BCTXP, BCPS, CPP
Clinical Pharmacist – Abdominal Transplant
Department of Pharmacy
Duke University Hospital
Durham, North Carolina
Kristina Burroughs, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Inova Fairfax Medical Center
Falls Church, Virginia

Chapter: Donor and Recipient Pain Management

Faculty

Neha Patel, Pharm.D., BCPS
Solid Organ Transplant Clinical Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Houston Methodist
Houston, Texas

Reviewers

Stacy Fredrick, Pharm.D., MBA, BCTXP
Clinical Research Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, New York
Erika Meredith, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Department of Pharmacy – Kidney/Pancreas Transplant
Emory University Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia
Stephanie Tchen, Pharm.D., BCCCP, BCTXP
Clinical Abdominal Transplant Pharmacist
Department of Pharmacy
University of Wisconsin (UW Health) Hospital
Madison, Wisconsin

Chapter: Technology for Care Delivery and Patient Education

Faculty

Demetra Tsapepas, Pharm.D., FCCP, FAST, BCPS
Senior Director of Quality and Patient Safety – Transplantation
Department of Quality and Patient Safety
NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
New York, New York
Christine Tabulov, Pharm.D., BCPPS
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacotherapeutics and Clinical Research
University of South Florida Taneja College of Pharmacy
Tampa, Florida

Reviewers

Kelsey Del Valle (Klein), Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Solid Organ Transplant
Department of Pharmacy
University Health/University Transplant Institute
San Antonio, Texas
Daryl U. Nnani, Pharm.D., BCTXP, ISHLTF
Clinical Pharmacy Manager, Heart Transplant and Advanced Heart Failure
Department of Pharmacy
Montefiore Medical Center
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine (Cardiology)
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Bronx, New York
Dawn M. Pluckrose, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Abdominal Transplant Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Case Series: Pediatric Transplant and Infection

Faculty

Staci Serluco, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Clinical Abdominal Transplant Pharmacist
Piedmont Transplant Institute
Piedmont Hospital – Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia

Reviewers

Stephanie Marie Yasechko, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Pharmacy Clinical Specialist, Solid Organ Transplant (Lung Transplant) and Otolaryngology
Department of Pharmacy
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Justin K. Chen, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Pharmacist Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia

Case Series: Pregnancy and Reproductive Health

Faculty

Jillian P. Casale, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Medication Safety Manager
RWJBarnabas Health
West Orange, New Jersey

Reviewers

Lindsey P. Toman, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Solid Organ Transplantation
PGY-2 Solid Organ Transplantation Residency Program Director
Department of Pharmacy
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland
Heather Hames, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Transplant Clinical Pharmacist Specialist
Department of Transplant
Atrium Health
Charlotte, North Carolina
April Pottebaum, Pharm.D., BCTXP
Clinical Pharmacist Practitioner, Solid Organ Transplant
Department of Pharmacy
Nebraska Medicine
Omaha, Nebraska

CPE Credit

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education with Commendation.

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists are approved by BPS as a provider for the recertification of BCTXP.

BPS is an autonomous division of the American Pharmacists Association. To maintain its strict, independent standards for certification, BPS does NOT endorse or provide review information, preparatory courses, or study guides for board certification examinations. BPS, through its specialty councils, is responsible for specialty examination content, administration, scoring, and all other aspects of its certification programs. BPS is totally separate and distinct from ACCP. For information about BPS specialty recertification the BPS recertification process, go to: www.bpsweb.org/

To receive recertification credit, posttests must be submitted prior to the recertification posttest deadline (see above). Only completed tests are eligible for credit; no partial or incomplete tests will be processed. You may complete one or all available posttests for credit.

The passing point to earn recertification credit is based on an expert analysis of the assessment items in each posttest. Any posttest submitted before the recertification test deadline that meets this passing point will earn recertification credits. These credits will be assigned as of the date of test submission and reported within 48 hours to BPS. For statements of recertification credit, visit www.bpsweb.org.

In accordance with BPS guidelines concerning remediation for products launched in 2024 and after, posttests that do not reach the passing point for recertification credit will generate a second-chance test option. This test will automatically appear in the learner’s My Account page and will have assessment items presented in a different order. To qualify for recertification credit, the second-chance test must be submitted before the recertification deadline stated above.

The ACCP Recertification Dashboard is a free online tool that can track recertification credits as they are earned through ACCP and schedule new opportunities for credits from upcoming ACCP professional development programs. Questions regarding the number of hours required for recertification should be directed to BPS at www.bpsweb.org.

Target Audience: The target audience for SOTSAP 2026 is board-certified and advanced-level clinical pharmacists caring for adult and pediatric solid organ transplant candidates, donors, and recipients.

Contents

Chapter: Updates in Desensitization (ABOi)

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-233-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 3.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Discover recent advances in the literature on ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplantation, including alternative strategies, novel antibody testing methods, complications, and outcomes.

2. Evaluate the effectiveness and suitability of current desensitization therapies in the context of ABOi transplantation.

3. Distinguish emerging therapies in the pipeline for their potential application in ABOi transplantation.

4. Assess clinical scenarios involving patients with ABOi living donors to determine transplant eligibility and challenges.

5. Develop a personalized desensitization plan for a patient undergoing evaluation for ABOi transplantation.

Chapter: Updates in Desensitization (HLA)

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-234-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.00
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Analyze the literature using novel immunosuppressive agents as monotherapy or combination therapy with respect to their recent use in highly sensitized transplant candidates.

2. Develop a desensitization plan for a highly sensitized transplant candidate according to the recent literature.

3. Develop a plan for detecting and potentially treating early antibody-mediated rejection in a transplant recipient undergoing desensitization.

Chapter: Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy and Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-235-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 3.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Analyze the underlying pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and identifiable risk factors contributing to the development and progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD).

2. Assess the usefulness of different diagnostic modalities for detection of CAV and CLAD and develop a monitoring plan.

3. Evaluate the benefits and gaps of the pharmacotherapy agents used to prevent and manage CAV and CLAD.

4. Construct a pharmacotherapy plan for patients with CAV and CLAD.

Chapter: Respiratory Viral Infections

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-236-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.00
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Evaluate and interpret respiratory virus diagnostic testing.

2. Assess indications for respiratory viral prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs).

3. Devise and justify the use of therapies for the treatment of respiratory viral infections (RVIs).

4. Compose individualized immunosuppressive regimens in the context of concomitant RVI.

5. Develop monitoring plans to identify and manage complications of RVIs.

Chapter: Expanding the Donor Pool

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-237-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Justify the clinical rationale for using hepatitis C virus (HCV)-, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-, and HIV-positive donor organs to expand the solid organ transplant pool.

2. Develop evidence-based strategies to manage transplantation of HCV-positive donor organs including appropriate candidate selection, use of direct-acting antivirals, and posttransplant monitoring, to optimize recipient outcomes and mitigate risks of viral transmission and graft complications.

3. Formulate management strategies for transplantation of HBV-positive donor organs, incorporating pretransplant vaccination, antiviral prophylaxis, and posttransplant surveillance, to reduce transmission risk and optimize long-term recipient outcomes.

4. Design management approaches for HIV-positive donor to HIV-positive recipient transplantation, emphasizing antiretroviral regimen optimization, drug-drug interaction monitoring, and infection surveillance, to ensure graft function and recipient safety.

5. Discover the ethical, legal, and policy considerations surrounding the use of HCV-, HBV-, and HIV-positive donor organs.

Chapter: Donor and Recipient Pain Management

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-238-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Distinguish the potential risks associated with pretransplant opioid use on posttransplant outcomes, including graft survival and patient mortality.

2. Assess the differences in mechanisms of multimodal pain agents and how they differ from opioids.

3. Demonstrate how to apply multimodal analgesic strategies (eg, transversus abdominis plane [TAP] block, acetaminophen, gabapentin) in creating a pain management plan for living donation.

4. Assess the efficacy and safety outcomes of opioid minimization protocols across different organ transplant types.

5. Develop an institutional policy framework for opioid stewardship in solid organ transplantation, integrating patient education, preoperative risk assessment, and discharge prescribing guidelines.

Chapter: Technology for Care Delivery and Patient Education

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-239-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 1.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Analyze the evolving role of the transplant pharmacist to account for how technology integration enhances medication management, care coordination, and patient education across the transplant continuum.

2. Evaluate how telepharmacy, electronic health record optimization, clinical decision support, and remote monitoring technologies can be applied to optimize safety, efficiency, and continuity of transplant care.

3. Assess the effectiveness of digital education platforms, mobile applications, and gamified learning tools in improving transplant recipient comprehension, engagement, and medication adherence.

4. Design and devise technology-driven strategies to integrate into the transplant care workflow that enhance interdisciplinary collaboration, optimize pharmacotherapy management, and measure patient-centered outcomes.

5. Analyze and justify approaches to overcome barriers to technology adoption—such as data privacy, patient access, and provider resistance—while maintaining ethical and regulatory compliance.

Case Series: Pediatric Transplant and Infection

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-240-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 1.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Assess changes to recommended immunizations for pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and candidates.

2. Evaluate the use of newer antimicrobial agents, vaccines, and antibodies in pediatric SOT recipients and candidates at risk of infectious complications.

3. Analyze the current recommendations on the management of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in pediatric SOT recipients.

4. Design treatment plans for pediatric SOT recipients with BK virus in accordance with the current guideline recommendations.

Case Series: Pregnancy and Reproductive Health

Activity Number: 0217-9999-26-241-H01-P
Contact Hour(s): 2.50
Activity Type: Application Based
Learning Objectives

1. Assess the benefits and risks of available contraceptive methods for a solid organ transplant recipient.

2. Construct a reproductive-health counseling plan for a sexually active solid organ transplant recipient.

3. Evaluate the maternal, graft, and fetal outcomes of pregnancy after solid organ transplant.

4. Design a safe immunosuppression regimen and monitoring plan for a solid organ transplant recipient during pregnancy and breastfeeding.


Commercial Support

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy does not solicit or accept external commercial/financial support for its continuing pharmacy education activities. No commercial/financial support has been solicited or accepted for this activity.

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